RQ: Aerospace Systems Directorate - Library Resources: Hypersonics

Suitable for students and readers interested in learning hypersonic flow and high-temperature gas dynamics, this text discusses shock-shock interactions, hypersonic waveriders, and various aspects of hypersonic propulsion devices.

(See Chapter 14 “Elements of Hypersonic Flow”) In keeping with its bestselling previous editions, Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, Fifth Edition by John Anderson, offers the most readable, interesting, and up-to-date overview of aerodynamics to be found in any text. The classic organization of the text has been preserved, as is its successful pedagogical features: chapter roadmaps, preview boxes, design boxes and summary section. Although fundamentals do not usually change over time, applications do and so various detailed content is modernized, and existing figures are replaced with modern data and illustrations. Historical topics, carefully developed examples, numerous illustrations, and a wide selection of chapter problems are found throughout the text to motivate and challenge students of aerodynamics.

(See Chapters 4, 5 on lifting bodies (waveriders) & conical flows) The first four chapters present genera! information characterizing hypersonic flows, discuss numerical formulations of varying degrees of rigor in computational fluid dynamics codes, and show the strengths and limitations of the various types of hypersonic experimentation. Other chapters cover the stagnation-region flowfield, the inviscid flowfield, the boundary layer, the aerodynamic forces and moments, viscous/inviscid interactions as well as shock/shock interactions, and a review of aerother-modynamics phenomena and their role in the design of a hypersonic vehicle. Sample exercises and homework problems are presented throughout the text.

The Ideal Text/Reference for Students, Engineers, and Research Scientists Not since the early days of space flight has the subject of hypersonic flow been of such importance to aerospace and mechanical engineers, research scientists, and students. Spurred by visions of hypersonic transport, and aerospace planes, the government now supports studies of hypersonic flow in at least eighteen graduate research centers across the nation, and numerous major universities now offer graduate and senior level undergraduate courses on the subject. Hypersonic Flow is the ideal text/reference for students and professionals interested in this burgeoning field. Written by a nationally recognized authority on the subject, it features a clear, accessible writing style along with sufficient depth and detail for self-study, and it is organized for speedy location of specific information. Numerous end-of-chapter exercises and homework problems enhance and solidify the student's understanding of complex and sophisticated material. This book provides an in-depth look at all the major topics and issues associated with fluid flow at speeds in excess of Mach 5, including: elementary hypersonic flow problems; general similarity concepts; elements of hypersonic small disturbance theory; and much more. In addition, this book brings you: The most extensive coverage of viscous effects available anywhere A unique, in-depth presentation of waveriders Extensive treatment of asymmetric conical flows An introduction to computational fluid dynamics Extensive treatment of real-gas effects

This successful book gives an introduction to the basics of aerothermodynamics, as applied in particular to winged re-entry vehicles and airbreathing hypersonic cruise and acceleration vehicles. The book gives a review of the issues of transport of momentum, energy and mass, real-gas effects as well as inviscid and viscous flow phenomena. In this second, revised edition the chapters with the classical topics of aerothermodynamics more or less were left untouched. The access to some single topics of practical interest was improved. Auxiliary chapters were put into an appendix. The recent successful flights of the X-43A and the X-51A indicate that the dawn of sustained airbreathing hypersonic flight now has arrived. This proves that the original approach of the book to put emphasis on viscous effects and the aerothermodynamics of radiation-cooled vehicle surfaces was timely. This second, revised edition even more accentuates these topics. A new, additional chapter treats examples of viscous thermal surface effects. Partly only very recently obtained experimental and numerical results show the complexity of such phenomena (dependence of boundary-layer stability, skin friction, boundary-layer thicknesses, and separation on the thermal state of the surface) and their importance for airbreathing hypersonic flight vehicles, but also for any other kind of hypersonic vehicle.

Hypersonic ?ight and aerothermodynamics are fascinating topics. Design problems and aerothermodynamic phenomena are partly very di?erent for the various kinds of hypersonic ?ight vehicles. These are--and will be in the future--winged and non-winged re-entry vehicles as well as airbreathing cruise and acceleration and also ascent and re-entry vehicles. Both authors of the book worked for almost four decades in hypersonics: at the German aerospace research establishment (DVL/DFVLR, now DLR) to the end of the 1970s, then in industry (MBB/Dasa, now EADS). They were involved in many major technology programs and projects. First, in the early 1970s, the German ART program (Association for Re-Entry Te- nologies), and, in the 1980s, the European (ESA) HERMES project and the ¨ German Hypersonics Technology (SANGER) program. Then followed, in the 1990s, the Future European Space Transportation Investigations program (FESTIP), the Manned Space Transportationprogram(MSTP) with the - mosphericRe-EntryDemonstrator(ARD), theX-CRVProjectwiththe X-38 vehicle and, later, the German technology programs TETRA (Technologies for Future Space Transportation Systems), ASTRA (Selected Systems and Technologies for Future Space Transportation Systems Applications), and IMENS (Integrated Multidisciplinary Design of Hot Structures for Space - hicles). Research in the 1960s and 1970s placed great emphasis on low-density ?ows, high temperature real gas e?ects in ground-simulation facilities and, already, on discrete numerical computation methods. After the ?rst ?ights of the Space Shuttle Orbiter with its generally very good aerodynamic p- formance, interest in low-density problems diminished.

This volume from The NASA History Series presents an overview of the science of hypersonics, the study of flight at speeds at which the physics of flows is dominated by aerodynamic heating. The survey begins during the years immediately following World War II, with the first steps in hypersonic research: the development of missile nose cones and the X-15; the earliest concepts of hypersonic propulsion; and the origin of the scramjet engine. Next, it addresses the re-entry problem, which came to the forefront during the mid-1950s, showing how work in this area supported the manned space program and contributed to the development of the orbital shuttle.
Subsequent chapters explore the fading of scramjet studies and the rise of the National Aerospace Plane (NASP) program of 1985–95, which sought to lay groundwork for single-stage vehicles. The program's ultimate shortcomings — in terms of aerodynamics, propulsion, and materials — are discussed, and the book concludes with a look at hypersonics in the post-NASP era, including the development of the X-33 and X-34 launch vehicles, further uses for scramjets, and advances in fluid mechanics. Clearly, ongoing research in hypersonics has yet to reach its full potential, and readers with an interest in aeronautics and astronautics will find this book a fascinating exploration of the field's history and future.

Because of the growing interest in hypersonic flows, the AGARD Fluid Dynamics Panel initiated a sub-working group on instrumentation for hypersonics in 1989. This sub-group, chaired by J. WENDT (VKI -Belgium), was composed of: A. BOUTIER (ONERA -France), K. BUTEFISCH (DLR -Germany), R. CATTOLICA (SANDIA Lab. -USA), V. CLINE (AEDC -USA), A. GIRARD (ONERA -France), R. McKENZIE (NASA Ames -USA), S. OCHELTREE (NASA Langley -USA) and G. SMEETS (ISL -Franco-German Inst.). As a result of several meetings, the idea came to organize this workshop, 27th April - 1st May 1992, on "New Trends in Instrumentation for Hypersonic Research", at Le Fauga-Mauzac ONERA center, in France, where the new hot-shot arc-heated facility F4, as well as a new conference building, were recently completed. This workshop has been organized in close connection with the AGARD FDP Symposium to be held in Torino 4 - 8 May 1992 on "Theoretical and Experimental Methods in Hypersonic Flows": the main conclusions and ideas expressed by the papers and during the discussions of this workshop are reported in session 7 and have been presented in Torino in a special Instrumentation session. As chairman of this workshop, I express many thanks to the Organizing Committee composed of Karl BUTEFISCH, Andre GIRARD, Stewart OCHELTREE and John WENDT for their very constructive help, leading to a meeting that was recognized to be very fruitful for all the participants.

This study was undertaken in response to a request by the U.S. Air Force that the National Research Council (NRC) examine whether the technologies that underlie the concept of a hypersonic, air-launched, air-breathing, hydrocarbon-fueled missile with speeds up to Mach 81 can be demonstrated in time to be initially operational by 2015. To conduct the study, the NRC appointed the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Air Force Hypersonic Technology Program, under the auspices of the Air Force Science and Technology Board.

Winner of the Summerfield Book Award. The next great leap for jet propulsion will be to power-sustained, efficient flight through the atmosphere.

"Hypersonic Nonequilibrium Flows includes fundamental governing equations of nonequilibrium fluid transport and computational approach to calculation of rates and cross-sections in quantized energy states; Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) approach; radiative heat transfer; a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) perspective; surface chemistry, with additional chapters on high enthalpy facilities and the associated diagnostic techniques."-- Publisher description.

Winner of the Summerfield Book Award. The next great leap for jet propulsion will be to power-sustained, efficient flight through the atmosphere.

Supersonic combustion ramjet (SCRJ) engine research and development begun some 40 years ago is the key to airbreathing hypersonic flight. Many unexpected complexities of SCRJ engine combustion and combustor-inlet interaction have been continuing challenges. However, valuable progress has been made in several aspects. In the next few years, it would appear that significant flight testing will take place in several countries and this should lead to further understanding of SCRJ processes in engine design for cruise and accelerator vehicle applications.

Experimental data on wake-stabilized flames and their propagation rates applicableto high speed combustion systems are compiled. Newly available information on flowgeometries, residence times, and exchange rates behind baffle flame/stabilizers areused to correlate the effect of flameholder bluffness on flame stability. Data onturbulence generated behind baffles are applied in exploring possible relationshipsamong flameholder geometry, blockage, drag, and the propagation rate and efficiencyof combustion of wake- stabilized flames.

AIAA 2008-7497, 26th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, 2008.

Hypersonic systems will provide a revolution in commercial transport, space access (lower power density), and future NATO missions (global reach in 2 hours). Although hypersonic technology has significantly matured over the last 40 years technical challenges remain: intake design and optimization, combined cycle engines, integration engine airframe, thermal management. The fact that several international research programs are running demonstrate a strong interest from several countries. Defence interest in a Mach 4 8 aircraft (hydrocarbon fuel) include theater aircraft and weapons, missiles (tactical and strategic) and transport. A Mach 8 to 18 (hydrogen fuel) would include global aircraft and weapons and missiles. Regarding survivability, today speed is more effective than improved radar cross section. The objective of the Lecture Series is to provide clear guidelines regarding the design of the propulsion unit and integration into the airframe. First the intake physics, design and optimization was addressed. Turbine based cycles and rocket based cycles was considered. An important issue discussed was the thermal management of both the engine and vehicle. Issues related to the potential use of new synthetic fuels were also addressed. The Lecture Series was a unique opportunity to bring together experts from different horizons and raise fruitful discussions. The main topic of this lecture series is the engine integration in high speed vehicles. An important concern to be treated is the thermal management of the engine, fuel, hot structures. Other topics to be covered comprise: intakes physics design optimization, overall engine cycle analysis, and new synthetic fuels. The program was completed with discussions on current demonstrator programs, based on the experience acquired in advanced demonstrators in USA, Europe and Asia.